A hybrid approach combining data-driven and mathematical models to predict the endpoint carbon content and temperature in BOFYaobin Hou, Jianhua Liu, Yang He, Jing Yuan, Yong Shuai, Renhui Luo and Zhong ZhengMetall. Res. Technol., 122 5 (2025) 515DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025059