Research on deviation prediction of continuous annealing line based on PSO-RF Meitao Jiang, Haotang Qie, Tingsong Yang, Tieheng Yuan, Wenquan Sun and Ziming Gao Metall. Res. Technol., 122 2 (2025) 204 Published online: 11 February 2025 DOI: 10.1051/metal/2025003