Caption of the cover : Formation of epsilon martensite in high Mn steel (© Carlo Mapelli (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano), Shahab Bazri (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano), Eugenio Longaretti and Pierluigi Longaretti (Fonderia FGS, Treviglio))

Metallurgical Research & Technology

Volume 123 / No 2 (2026)

Caption of the cover : Formation of epsilon martensite in high Mn steel (© Carlo Mapelli (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano), Shahab Bazri (Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano), Eugenio Longaretti and Pierluigi Longaretti (Fonderia FGS, Treviglio))

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Special Issue on ‘Innovations in Iron and Steelmaking’, edited by Carlo Mapelli and Davide Mombelli

Open Access

Monitoring of blast furnace wall pressure profiles and their relation to process efficiency 201

Hauke Bartusch, Fatima Demirci, Andreas Janz and Thorsten Hauck

Published online: 22 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025117

Open Access

Experimental evaluation of a flexible natural gas and hydrogen burner in the electric arc furnace 202

Lilly Schulte, Alexander Reinicke, Thomas Echterhof, Jacopo Greguoldo and Fabio Vecchiet

Published online: 21 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025127

Open Access

Effect of carbonaceous material graphitization degree on carburization behavior in Fe-C mixture powder during rapid heating 203

Ayana Ono, Tatsuya Kon and Ko-ichiro Ohno

Published online: 21 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025116

Effect of inclusion collision, refractory erosion, reoxidation and slag entrainment on large size inclusions in low-carbon aluminum-killed steel 204

Guoliang Wu, Yanbin Yin, Jiongming Zhang, Qiang Liu and Fubin Gao

Published online: 21 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025140

Numerical simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification in a round bloom curved mold with swirling flow nozzle angle 205

Weian Wang, Xinyang Li, Yongkun Yang, Jianli Wang, Guohua Wang and Xiaoming Li

Published online: 23 January 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025137

Mechanism and method for improving gas utilization rate of large blast furnaces based on data analysis 206

Bing Dai, Rukang Yan, Yijia Sun, Nan Zhang, Yuji Wan, Qiyuan Liu and Hongjun Sun

Published online: 04 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025149

Open Access

Evolution of non-metallic inclusions in non-oriented electrical steel: industrial observations and laboratory test results 207

Bernhard Sammer, Kathrin Thiele, Sergiu Ilie, Roman Rössler, Herbert Kreuzer and Susanne K. Michelic

Published online: 04 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025146

Effect of F-EMS position on molten steel flow and solidification in the entire continuous casting strand 208

Meng Yang, Weian Wang, Yongkun Yang, Jianli Wang and Xiaoming Li

Published online: 05 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025145

Open Access

Comparison of methods for modification of non-metallic inclusions using alkali elements on a laboratory scale 209

Nikolaus Preisser, Benjamin Suppan, Gerald Klösch and Susanne K. Michelic

Published online: 05 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025138

Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles 210

Marco A. Ramirez-Argaez, Ana L. Gomez-Rodriguez and Alberto N. Conejo

Published online: 05 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025128

Open Access

Concepts for the development of carbon-free mold powders for the continuous casting of steels 211

Nathalie Gruber and Harald Harmuth

Published online: 11 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025152

A modified constitutive model based on Hill48 function for the forming analysis of orthotropic sheet metal 212

Zhang Yu, Song Jian and Wang Ping

Published online: 18 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025126

Effect of refining slag basicity on removal of large size inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel 213

Guoliang Wu, Yanbin Yin, Jiongming Zhang and Qiang Liu

Published online: 13 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026012

Optimisation of self-reducing mill scale briquettes for sustainable iron recovery in induction furnaces 214

Ravi Prakash Singh

Published online: 13 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025151

Kinetics of solid-state decarburization for 3.5% Si electrical steel in CO₂–CO atmosphere 215

Yaping Li, Lingyan Sun, Lukuo Hong, Caijiao Sun, Liqun Ai and Na Qian

Published online: 13 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026016

Open Access

Influence of alloying elements and strain rate on the second ductility minimum of microalloyed steels during simulated continuous casting 216

Saeid Bakhtiari, Saham S. Sharifi, Iman Sedighi, Sergiu Ilie and Christof Sommitsch

Published online: 20 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026009

Model of transient temperature and solidification in a continuous-cast slab using multiple transverse sections 217

Anna Ivanova and Brian G. Thomas

Published online: 18 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026013

Open Access

Smelter to close the raw material gap in green steel production 218

Bernhard Voraberger, Gerald Wimmer, Andreas Pfeiffer, Krzysztof Pastucha and Robert Millner

Published online: 24 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026015

Open Access

Carbothermic reduction of hot rolling sludge by rice husk char with microwave heating 219

Tsubasa Tokunaga, Tatsuya Kon, Kotaro Tanaka and Ko-ichiro Ohno

Published online: 24 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026014

Influence of the mineral gangue on pellets softening melting properties in blast furnace. Experimental study of phase equilibria during the melting of pre-reduced pellets 220

Yann Graz, Evangeline Athoy, Fayssal Oudich, Yann Maurice, Aurore Husson, Nadine Berthelemy, Jeremy Jactard, Yves Basselin and Geraldine Siboni

Published online: 24 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2026008

The effect of CaO/SiO₂ ratio and FeO content on the viscosity and structure of CaO-SiO₂-11.3 wt% V₂O₅-13.45 wt% MnO-FeO slag 221

JianTao Ju, Jun Jiang Zhu, YongKun Yang, WenKe Guo and Heng Wang

Published online: 24 February 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025143

Improvement of hardness and thermal fatigue resistance of austenitic stainless-steel weld metal deposited on 5CrMnMo hot die steel by addition of Cr, Mn and Mo 222

Nam-Il Kim, Tae-Hong Kim, Ju-Yong Kim and Yong-Gwang Jong

Published online: 18 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025144

The synergistic strength-toughness optimization effect of TiB₂ and TiC composite reinforcing phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy cladding layers 223

Weibin Ren, Zhanzheng Fan, Weihao Zuo and Yujiang Wang

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025153

The effect of Al content and loading speed on Al_xCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy and molecular dynamics simulation 224

Jie Li, Xurui Hu, Juan Li, Guanghui Zhao and Huaying Li

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025129

First principles study on the effects of N, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu on the electronic structure and mechanical properties of austenitic steel 225

Ting Wang, Xiangjun Liu, Peihong Yang, Changqiao Yang, Jichun Yang and Xiangchao Meng

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025130

Heat treatment of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: a study on isothermal hot-compression properties and microstructure evolution law 226

Jian Xiao, Lan Ma, Shaoli Yang, Guangrun Chen, Yang Zhang and Kuisong Zhu

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025124

Reduction behavior and crystal structures of oxidized high titanium slag containing sodium salt 227

Ronghai Chen, Xiaodong Lv, Qingqing Huang, Wei Lv, Run Huang and Xuewei Lv

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025139

Behavior of bubbles near narrow faces of the mold for slab continuous casting: an investigation based on detailed force analysis 228

Zeng Hu, Zhiguo Luo, Lei Shao and Zongshu Zou

Published online: 18 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025136

Evolution of microstructure and texture in strip-cast non-oriented electrical steel 229

You Zhou, Liangmin Yuan, Xiaoxiang Gu, Xinyuan Liu and Hualong Li

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025150

The characteristics of Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni shape memory alloy with variation of carbon content and training process 230

Mukhlis Agung Prasetyo, Albertus Deny Heri Setyawan, Nofrijon Sofyan, Rahadian Roberto and Efendi Mabruri

Published online: 10 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025133

Research of the relationship between the structure and viscosity of hypereutectic Fe–C binary melt 231

Shanchao Gao, Xu Geng, Xiang Li, Zhenghong Zhao and Jianliang Zhang

Published online: 18 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2025147

Metallurgical Research & Technology

Volume 123 / No 2 (2026)

Special Issue on ‘Innovations in Iron and Steelmaking’, edited by Carlo Mapelli and Davide Mombelli

Monitoring of blast furnace wall pressure profiles and their relation to process efficiency 201

Experimental evaluation of a flexible natural gas and hydrogen burner in the electric arc furnace 202

Effect of carbonaceous material graphitization degree on carburization behavior in Fe-C mixture powder during rapid heating 203

Effect of inclusion collision, refractory erosion, reoxidation and slag entrainment on large size inclusions in low-carbon aluminum-killed steel 204

Numerical simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification in a round bloom curved mold with swirling flow nozzle angle 205

Mechanism and method for improving gas utilization rate of large blast furnaces based on data analysis 206

Evolution of non-metallic inclusions in non-oriented electrical steel: industrial observations and laboratory test results 207

Effect of F-EMS position on molten steel flow and solidification in the entire continuous casting strand 208

Comparison of methods for modification of non-metallic inclusions using alkali elements on a laboratory scale 209

Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles 210

Concepts for the development of carbon-free mold powders for the continuous casting of steels 211

A modified constitutive model based on Hill48 function for the forming analysis of orthotropic sheet metal 212

Effect of refining slag basicity on removal of large size inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel 213

Optimisation of self-reducing mill scale briquettes for sustainable iron recovery in induction furnaces 214

Kinetics of solid-state decarburization for 3.5% Si electrical steel in CO2–CO atmosphere 215

Influence of alloying elements and strain rate on the second ductility minimum of microalloyed steels during simulated continuous casting 216

Model of transient temperature and solidification in a continuous-cast slab using multiple transverse sections 217

Smelter to close the raw material gap in green steel production 218

Carbothermic reduction of hot rolling sludge by rice husk char with microwave heating 219

Influence of the mineral gangue on pellets softening melting properties in blast furnace. Experimental study of phase equilibria during the melting of pre-reduced pellets 220

The effect of CaO/SiO2 ratio and FeO content on the viscosity and structure of CaO-SiO2-11.3 wt% V2O5-13.45 wt% MnO-FeO slag 221

Improvement of hardness and thermal fatigue resistance of austenitic stainless-steel weld metal deposited on 5CrMnMo hot die steel by addition of Cr, Mn and Mo 222

The synergistic strength-toughness optimization effect of TiB2 and TiC composite reinforcing phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy cladding layers 223

The effect of Al content and loading speed on AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy and molecular dynamics simulation 224

First principles study on the effects of N, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu on the electronic structure and mechanical properties of austenitic steel 225

Heat treatment of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: a study on isothermal hot-compression properties and microstructure evolution law 226

Reduction behavior and crystal structures of oxidized high titanium slag containing sodium salt 227

Behavior of bubbles near narrow faces of the mold for slab continuous casting: an investigation based on detailed force analysis 228

Evolution of microstructure and texture in strip-cast non-oriented electrical steel 229

The characteristics of Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni shape memory alloy with variation of carbon content and training process 230

Research of the relationship between the structure and viscosity of hypereutectic Fe–C binary melt 231

Kinetics of solid-state decarburization for 3.5% Si electrical steel in CO₂–CO atmosphere 215

The effect of CaO/SiO₂ ratio and FeO content on the viscosity and structure of CaO-SiO₂-11.3 wt% V₂O₅-13.45 wt% MnO-FeO slag 221

The synergistic strength-toughness optimization effect of TiB₂ and TiC composite reinforcing phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy cladding layers 223

The effect of Al content and loading speed on Al_xCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy and molecular dynamics simulation 224